Number Systems
the set of positive integers (not including zero)
the set of integers
the set of rational numbers
the set of real numbers
the set of complex numbers
Logic
Iff: if and only if
If A and B are mathematical assertions, and -A and -B are their negations, the statement “A implies B” is logically equivalent to the contrapositive statement (逆否命题, declaración contrapositive) “-B implies -A.”
Reductio ad absurdum (归谬法): assume both A and -B and derive a contradiction.
: logical identity.
Sets
: an element/object belongs to a set.
: an element/object does not belong to a set.
: subset.
,
, or $latex\subsetneqq$: proper subset.
: empty set.
: the power set of
, i.e. the set of all subsets of
.
: the family (collection) of all subsets of a set
.
for some
: the union.
for all
: the intersection.
: the indexed family of sets.
: the union of indexed sets.
: the intersection of index sets.
If whenever
, the sets
are defined as disjoint. Note “disjoint collection of sets”=”collection of disjoint sets”, and “disjoint union of sets”=”union of disjoint sets”.
or
: families of sets indexed by
.
for infinitely many
: the limit superior.
for all but finitely
: the limit inferior .
and
: the difference of sets
and
.
: the symmetric difference of sets
and
.
: the complement.
,
: deMorgan’s laws.
: Cartesian product, i.e. the set of all ordered pairs
such that
and
.
: a relation from
to
, which is a subset of of
, so
.
There are three important types of relations: the equivalence relations, the orderings, and the mappings.
“Forgiveness is the most powerful thing that you can do for your physiology and your spirituality. Yet, it remains one of the least attractive things to us, largely because our egos rule so unequivocally. To forgive is somehow associated with saying that it is all right, that we accept the evil deed. But this is not forgiveness. Forgiveness means that you fill yourself with love and you radiate that love outward and refuse to hang onto the venom or hatred that was engendered by the behaviors that caused the wounds.” ——Wayne Dyer
To be continued tomorrow.
References: [1] Gerald B. Folland, Real Analysis: Modern Techniques and Their Applications, 2ed, page 1-3.
[2] James R. Munkres, Topology: A First Course, page 3-13.
[2] Purpose Fairy’s 21-Day Happiness Challenge, https://s3.amazonaws.com/Gift1/Free+eBook+-+PurposeFairy’s+21-Day+Happiness+Challenge.pdf